YEAR |
DISCOVERY |
1865
|
Genetic inheritance was first discovered by Gregor Mendel.
|
1868 |
Nucleic acids were discovered by Swiss physician Friedrich Miescher isolated a new compound from the nuclei of white blood cells. |
1902
|
Archibald Garrod discovered inborn errors of metabolism.
|
1903
|
Walter Sutton and Theodor Boveri independently hypothesizes that chromosomes, which segregate in a Mendelian fashion, are hereditary units.
|
1905
|
William Bateson coined the term “Genetics”
|
1907
|
Agrobacterium tumefaciens, a plant tumor causing bacterium was discovered.
|
1908
|
G. H Hardy and Wilhelm Weinberg proposed the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium model.
|
1910
|
Thomas Hunt Morgan showed that Genes reside on chromosomes.
|
1911
|
Alfred Sturtevant, one of Morgan’s students, invented the procedure of linkage mapping, based on frequency of recombination.
|
1913
|
Alfred Sturtevant makes the first genetic map of a chromosome.
|
1928
|
Frederick Griffith showed that genes could be transferred.
|
1941
|
George wells Beadle and Edward Lawrie Tatum showed that mutations in genes caused errors in specific steps in metabolic pathways. This showed that specific genes code for specific proteins, leading to “one gene, one enzyme” hypothesis.
|
1944
|
Oswald Avery, Colin Munro MacLeod, and Maclyn McCarty showed that DNA holds the gene’s information.
|
1952
|
Rosalind Franklin and Raymond Gosling produced a X-Ray diffraction pattern indicating helical form of DNA.
|
1952
|
Plasmids were discovered.
|
1953
|
James D. Watson and Francis Crick demonstrated the molecular structure of DNA.
|
1967
|
DNA ligases were discovered.
|
1970
|
Tumor inducing plasmid (Ti-plasmid) was discovered.
|
1970
|
Hamilton Smiths lab discovered Restriction enzymes.
|
1970
Early 1970 |
Artificial competence was introduced in Escherichia coli.
Restriction enzymes were discovered and characterized by molecular biologists Werner Arber, Hamilton O. Smith, and Daniel Nathans and received the 1978 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine
|
1972 |
Paul Berg created the first Recombinant DNA molecule, combining DNA from a monkey virus with that of lambda virus. |
1972
|
Walter Fiers and his team at the University of Ghent were the first to determine the sequence of a gene.
|
1973 |
Herbert Boyer and Stanley Cohen made the first genetically modified organism, which was Kanamycin resistance bacteria and survive under the presence of Kanamycin. |
1974
1975
|
Rudolf Jaenisch created a transgenic mouse by introducing foreign DNA into its embryo, making it the world’s first transgenic animal.
Production of monoclonal antibody by hybridoma technology. Hybridoma technology was given by Georges J.F. Kohler and Cesar Milstein. The term hybridoma was coined by Leonard Herzenberg. They shared nobel prize for this discovery in 1984 |
1976
|
First genetic engineering company, Genentech was founded by Herbert Boyer and Robert Swanson.
|
1977
|
Richard J. Roberts and Phillip Sharp discovered that genes can be split into segments.
|
1977
|
Frederick Sanger developed a method for DNA sequencing.
|
1978
|
Genentech announced the production of genetically engineered Human Insulin.
|
Late 1980s
|
Transformation using Electroporation was developed.
|
1982
|
First genetically modified crop, an antibiotic resistant tobacco plant was produced.
|
1982
|
Humulin, insulin produced by bacteria was approved for release by the Food and Drug Administration.
|
1983
|
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) was developed by Kary Mullis.
|
1983 |
First genetically engineered plant was developed by Michael W. Bevan, Richard B. Flavell and Mary-Dell Chilton. Infected tobacco with Agrobacterium transformed with an antibiotic resistance gene and cultured through tissue culture technique. |
1984
|
Genetically modified mice were created that carried cloned oncogenes.
|
1985
|
First transgenic livestock were produced.
|
1987
|
First animal to synthesise transgenic proteins in their milk were created i.e., mice, engineered to produce human tissue plasminogen activator.
|
1987
|
Ice-minus strain of Pseudomonas syringae became the first genetically modified organism to be released into the environment.
|
1987
|
Gene gun was invented, allowing transformation of plants not susceptible to Agrobacterium infection.
|
1987
|
Plant genetic systems was the first company to genetically engineer insect-resistant plants by incorporating genes that produced insecticidal proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) into Tobacco.
|
1988 |
First human antibodies were produced in plants. |
1989
|
Mice with genes knocked out (knockout mouse) were created.
|
1992
|
China became the first country to commercialize transgenic plants, introducing a virus resistant tobacco.
|
1993
|
MicroRNA was discovered.
|
1994
|
Calgene attained the approval to commercialize Flavr Savr Tomato, the first genetically modified food.
|
1994
|
European union approved herbicide resistant Tobacco, making it the first commercialized genetically engineered crop in Europe.
|
1995 1996 |
US approved the release of an insect resistant potato (Bt-potato). Dolly was first cloned animal(female mammal) and cloned by Keith Campbell, Ian Wilmut and colleagues at the Roslin Institute, and the biotechnology company PPL Therapeutics.
|
1998
|
Tissue engineered cartilage developed by Aigner et al.
|
1998 |
Human embryonic stem cells cultured, by Thomson et al. |
2000
|
Vitamin A- enriched Golden rice is produced.
|
2000
|
“Rough draft” of Human genome finished.
|
2007
|
Adult cells are reprogrammed to become pleuripotent stem (iPS) cells by, Yu et al. |
2008
|
Genetically modified seeds were produced in Arabidopsis thaliana, by simply dipping the flowers in an Agrobacterium solution.
|
2010
|
First synthetic bacterial genome was created at the J. Craig Venter Institute, and named it Synthia and it was the first synthetic life form.
|
2014 |
A bacterium was developed that replicated a plasmid containing unnatural base pairs. |
2015 |
AquAdvantage Salmon, the first genetically modified animal to be approved for food. |
2015 |
CRISPR and TALENs was used to modify plant genomes. |
2018
|
“Skin cells” are converted into “stem cells” by use of CRISPR.
|
2018
|
Researchers at Stanford University indicated that the genetic engineering method, CRISPR may trigger an immune response in humans, making it potentially ineffective.
|
2018
|
FDA approved immunotherapy as fourth cancer therapy. |
2018 |
Two Monkey clones “Zhong Zhong” and “Hua Hua” were developed in China using complex DNA transfer method. |
2018 |
Chinese Scientist Claims to Use CRISPR technology to Make First Genetically Edited Babies
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