Serial no. |
Techniques in Biotechnology |
Applications |
Uses |
A. |
Gel- electrophoresis |
1 |
Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) |
Protein |
2 |
Agarose gel electrophoresis (AGE) |
DNA and RNA |
3 |
Native gel electrophoresis |
Protein oligomers |
4 |
Isoelectric focusing |
Proteins based on pH |
5 |
Pulse field gel electrophoresis |
DNA |
6 |
2-D Gel electrophoresis |
Analysing Proteins |
7 |
Semi-Denaturating Detergent AGE |
Polymers |
8 |
Zymography |
Hydrolytic Enzymes |
9 |
Fast parallel proteolysis |
Thermostability of proteins |
B. |
Blotting |
1 |
Southern |
DNA |
2 |
Northern |
mRNA |
3 |
Reverse Northern |
cDNA |
4 |
Western |
Protein |
5 |
Far-western |
Protein-protein interactions |
6 |
Eastern |
Post-translational Modifications |
7 |
Far-eastern |
Glycolipids |
C. |
Polymerase Chain Reaction(PCR) |
1 |
Conventional PCR |
Amplification of DNA or RNA |
2 |
Nested PCR |
reduces non-specific binding |
3 |
Multiplex PCR |
Amplification of multiple targets |
4 |
Quantitative Real-time PCR |
Real-time quantification during amplification of DNA |
5 |
Arbitrary Primed PCR |
Obtaining a unique set of sequences for a particular genome |
D. |
Chromatography |
1 |
Column |
Purification of biomolecules |
2 |
Ion-exchange |
Separating charged proteins |
3 |
Gel-permeation or size exclusion |
Based on molecular sizes |
4 |
Affinity |
Purification of enzymes, hormones, nucleic acids, antibodies and proteins |
5 |
Paper |
Separating mixtures of compounds |
6 |
Thin-layer |
Fluorescence or radioactive tagged samples |
7 |
Gas |
For separating very minute molecules |
8 |
Dye-ligand |
More precise affinity separation |
9 |
Hydrophobic -interaction |
Ligand binding |
10 |
Pseudo-affinity |
Separation of enzymes |
11 |
High-pressure liquid |
Biologically active molecules like amino acids and lipids. |
E. |
Microscopy |
1 |
Bright-field |
Utilizes transmitted light to observe at high magnification |
2 |
Binocular stereoscopic |
Observation of 3-D objects at low magnification |
3 |
Polarizing |
Utilizes different light transmission characteristics of materials |
4 |
Phase contrast |
Visualizes minute surface irregularities by light interference |
5 |
Differential interference |
Higher resolution phase contrast |
6 |
Fluorescence |
Uses mercury or argon lamps to observe fluorescence by the samples |
7 |
Total internal reflection |
High resolution fluorescence microscopy at surface |
8 |
Laser scanning confocal |
Uses pinhole concept and different focal distances to observe at very high resolution and low background |
9 |
Multiphoton excitation |
Multiple lasers to reduce damage to the cells |
10 |
Structured illumination |
Minimizes diffraction of light |
11 |
Transmission electron |
Electron microscopy to observe thin specimens through which electrons can pass |
12 |
Scanning electron |
Emission of electrons from surface of the specimen is observed |
13 |
Atomic force |
Used to measure forces between probe as a function of their separation |
14 |
Scanning near-field optical |
Nanostructure investigation by evanescent waves |
15 |
X-ray microscope |
Uses X-rays to observes very small objects |
16 |
Ultrasonic or acoustic |
It is can make visible images of internal structures, cracks etc. using ultrasonic waves |
17 |
Cryo-electron |
Samples are observed at very low temperatures, can help to observe protein structures |
F. |
Spectroscopy |
1 |
X-ray crystallography |
Studying materials based on their scattering of light |
2 |
Flame |
Metallic element analytes present at low concentration |
3 |
Atomic emission |
Light emitted by excited atoms is measured |
4 |
Atomic absorption |
Light absorbed by excited atoms is measured |
5 |
Spark or arc |
Atoms are excited using electric sparks |
6 |
Ultraviolet |
Concentration of Protein or DNA in asample |
7 |
Infrared or near infrared |
To find the types of bonds present between different substances |
8 |
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) |
Structure of molecules using magnetic fields around the nuclei |
9 |
Raman |
Vibrations and relative motions of atomic nuclei are studied |
10 |
Fluorescence |
Analyses fluorescence produced by the excitation of samples |
11 |
Circular dichroism |
The secondary structure of proteins |
12 |
Correlation |
2-D NMR spectroscopy |
13 |
Mass spectrometry |
The mass to charge ratio of different constituents are measured |
14 |
Photoacoustic |
Measures the sound waves upon absorption of radiation |
15 |
Photoemission |
Measures the electrons emitted by the photoelectric effect |
16 |
Photo-thermal |
Measures the heat evolved upon absorption |
17 |
Pump-probe |
To identify reaction intermediates |
18 |
Time-resolved |
Measures decay rates of excited states |
19 |
Neutron spin echo |
Internal dynamics in proteins and soft matter systems |
20 |
Hadron |
Energy/mass spectrum is obtained according to spin, parity etc. |