Technology

List of tools and techniques to be used for biotechnological aspects :

Serial no.	Techniques in Biotechnology	Applications		Uses
A.	Gel- electrophoresis	1	Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE)	Protein
		2	Agarose gel electrophoresis (AGE)	DNA and RNA
		3	Native gel electrophoresis	Protein oligomers
		4	Isoelectric focusing	Proteins based on pH
		5	Pulse field gel electrophoresis	DNA
		6	2-D Gel electrophoresis	Analysing Proteins
		7	Semi-Denaturating Detergent AGE	Polymers
		8	Zymography	Hydrolytic Enzymes
		9	Fast parallel proteolysis	Thermostability of proteins
B.	Blotting	1	Southern	DNA
		2	Northern	mRNA
		3	Reverse Northern	cDNA
		4	Western	Protein
		5	Far-western	Protein-protein interactions
		6	Eastern	Post-translational Modifications
		7	Far-eastern	Glycolipids
C.	Polymerase Chain Reaction(PCR)	1	Conventional PCR	Amplification of DNA or RNA
		2	Nested PCR	reduces non-specific binding
		3	Multiplex PCR	Amplification of multiple targets
		4	Quantitative Real-time PCR	Real-time quantification during amplification of DNA
		5	Arbitrary Primed PCR	Obtaining a unique set of sequences for a particular genome
D.	Chromatography	1	Column	Purification of biomolecules
		2	Ion-exchange	Separating charged proteins
		3	Gel-permeation or size exclusion	Based on molecular sizes
		4	Affinity	Purification of enzymes, hormones, nucleic acids, antibodies and proteins
		5	Paper	Separating mixtures of compounds
		6	Thin-layer	Fluorescence or radioactive tagged samples
		7	Gas	For separating very minute molecules
		8	Dye-ligand	More precise affinity separation
		9	Hydrophobic -interaction	Ligand binding
		10	Pseudo-affinity	Separation of enzymes
		11	High-pressure liquid	Biologically active molecules like amino acids and lipids.
E.	Microscopy	1	Bright-field	Utilizes transmitted light to observe at high magnification
		2	Binocular stereoscopic	Observation of 3-D objects at low magnification
		3	Polarizing	Utilizes different light transmission characteristics of materials
		4	Phase contrast	Visualizes minute surface irregularities by light interference
		5	Differential interference	Higher resolution phase contrast
		6	Fluorescence	Uses mercury or argon lamps to observe fluorescence by the samples
		7	Total internal reflection	High resolution fluorescence microscopy at surface
		8	Laser scanning confocal	Uses pinhole concept and different focal distances to observe at very high resolution and low background
		9	Multiphoton excitation	Multiple lasers to reduce damage to the cells
		10	Structured illumination	Minimizes diffraction of light
		11	Transmission electron	Electron microscopy to observe thin specimens through which electrons can pass
		12	Scanning electron	Emission of electrons from surface of the specimen is observed
		13	Atomic force	Used to measure forces between probe as a function of their separation
		14	Scanning near-field optical	Nanostructure investigation by evanescent waves
		15	X-ray microscope	Uses X-rays to observes very small objects
		16	Ultrasonic or acoustic	It is can make visible images of internal structures, cracks etc. using ultrasonic waves
		17	Cryo-electron	Samples are observed at very low temperatures, can help to observe protein structures
F.	Spectroscopy	1	X-ray crystallography	Studying materials based on their scattering of light
		2	Flame	Metallic element analytes present at low concentration
		3	Atomic emission	Light emitted by excited atoms is measured
		4	Atomic absorption	Light absorbed by excited atoms is measured
		5	Spark or arc	Atoms are excited using electric sparks
		6	Ultraviolet	Concentration of Protein or DNA in asample
		7	Infrared or near infrared	To find the types of bonds present between different substances
		8	Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)	Structure of molecules using magnetic fields around the nuclei
		9	Raman	Vibrations and relative motions of atomic nuclei are studied
		10	Fluorescence	Analyses fluorescence produced by the excitation of samples
		11	Circular dichroism	The secondary structure of proteins
		12	Correlation	2-D NMR spectroscopy
		13	Mass spectrometry	The mass to charge ratio of different constituents are measured
		14	Photoacoustic	Measures the sound waves upon absorption of radiation
		15	Photoemission	Measures the electrons emitted by the photoelectric effect
		16	Photo-thermal	Measures the heat evolved upon absorption
		17	Pump-probe	To identify reaction intermediates
		18	Time-resolved	Measures decay rates of excited states
		19	Neutron spin echo	Internal dynamics in proteins and soft matter systems
		20	Hadron	Energy/mass spectrum is obtained according to spin, parity etc.

G. Microarray	1	DNA, Protein, glycan and Peptide
	2	MM-chips
	3	Tissue and cellular
	4	Chemical compounds or antibodies
	5	Reverse phase protein
	6	Interferometric reflectance imaging sensor
H. Centrifuge	1	Differential
	2	Isopycnic
	3	Sucrose gradient
	4	Ultracentrifuge
I. DNA sequencing	1	Maxam-Gilbert sequencing
	2	Chain-termination methods
	3	Bridge PCR
	4	Shotgun sequencing
	5	Massively parallel signature sequencing (MPSS)
	6	Polony sequencing
	7	Illumina (Solexa) sequencing
	8	Combinatorial probe anchor synthesis (cPAS)
	9	Ion Torrent semiconductor sequencing
	10	Heliscope single molecule sequencing
	11	Single molecule real time (SMRT) sequencing
	12	Nanopore DNA sequencing
	13	DNA nanoball sequencing
	14	Tunnelling currents DNA sequencing
	15	Sequencing with mass spectrometry
	16	Microfluidic Sanger sequencing
	17	Sequencing by hybridization
	18	In vitro virus high-throughput sequencing
	19	RNAP sequencing
J. Immunoassay	1	Radioimmunoassay
	2	Counting Immunoassay
	3	Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays
	4	Fluoroimmnoassay
	5	Chemiluminescenceimmunoassay
	6	Co-immunoprecipitation
	7	Biomolecular fluorescence complementation
	8	Tandem affinity purification
	9	Strepprotein interaction experiment
	10	Quantitative immunoprecipitation combined with knock-down
	11	Immunoelectrophoresis
K. Ligand binding assays	1	Saturation Binding
	2	Competition binding
	3	Fluorescence Polarization (FP)
	4	Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET)
	5	Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR)
	6	Immunoprecipitation
	7	Liquid scintillation counting
	8	Multi-well Plate Assays
	9	On-Bead Ligand Binding assays
	10	On-Column Ligand Binding Assays
	11	Real-time cell-binding assay
	12	Proximity ligation assay
L. ELISA	1	Direct
	2	Sandwich
	3	Competitive
M. FAME
N. Non-vascular infusion technology
O. Fermentation	1	Batch
	2	Feb-batch
	3	Continuous
P. Biomolecular engineering	1	Recombinant DNA
	2	Site-directed mutagenesis
	3	Bio-immobilization and conjugation
Q. Food technology	1	Instantized food
	2	Freeze drying
	3	High temperature short time processing
	4	Decaffeination
	5	Process optimization
R. Genetic engineering	1	Gene manipulation
	2	Gene isolation
	3	Transformation
	4	Transfection
	5	Transduction
	6	CRISPR/Cas
S. Yeast two-hybrid
T. Microfluidics	1	Open
	2	Continuous
	3	Droplet-based
	4	Digital
	5	Paper-based
	6	DNA chips
	7	Transcriptome analysis
	8	Microorganism capturing
	9	Nanofluidics
	10	Optofluidics
	11	Acoustic droplet ejection
	12	Electroosmotic pump
	13	Capillary electrophoresis
	14	On-chip characterization
U. Biomimetics and Bionics	1	Respirocytes
	2	Neuromorphics
	3	Silicon retinae
	4	Biomorphic mineralization

Technology

List of tools and techniques to be used for biotechnological aspects :

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