Genetics
Table of contents under genetics
Bacterial mutants and mutations |
Isolation; useful phenotypes (auxotrophic; conditional lethal; resistant) |
Mutation rate; Types of mutations (base pair changes; frame shift; insertions; deletions; tandem duplication); Reversion vs. suppression |
Mutagenic agents |
Mechanisms of mutagenesis |
Assay of mutagenic agents (Ames test) |
Gene transfer in bacteria |
History |
Transduction – generalized and specialized |
Conjugation – F, F’, Hfr; F transfer; Hfr-mediated chromosome transfer |
Transformation – natural and artificial transformation |
Merodiploid generation |
Gene mapping |
Transposable genetic elements; Insertion sequences; Composite and Complex transposons; Replicative and non-replicative transposition; Genetic analysis using transposons. |
Bacteriophages and Plasmids |
Bacteriophage – structure; assay |
Lambda phage – genetic map, lysogenic and lytic cycles, Gene regulation |
Filamentous phages such as M13 |
Plasmids – natural plasmids; their properties and phenotypes; Plasmid biology – copy number and its control; Incompatibility; Plasmid survival strategies; Antibiotic resistance markers on plasmids (mechanism of action and resistance); Genetic analysis using phage and plasmid |
Restriction-modification systems |
History; types of systems and their characteristics; Methylation-dependent restriction systems; applications. |
Mendelian Genetics |
Introduction to human genetics; Background and history |
Types of genetic diseases |
Role of genetics in medicine |
Human pedigrees |
Patterns of single gene inheritance – autosomal recessive; autosomal dominant |
X linked inheritance |
Complicating factors – incomplete penetrance |
variable expression |
Multiple alleles |
Co dominance |
Sex influenced expression |
Hemoglobinopathies – Genetic disorders of hemoglobin and their diseases |
Non Mendelian inheritance patterns |
Mitochondrial inheritance |
genomic imprinting |
Lyon hypothesis |
Isodisomy |
Complex inheritance – genetic and environmental variation |
Heritability; Twin studies |
Behavioral traits; Analysis of quantitative and qualitative traits |
Cytogenetics |
Cell division and errors in cell division |
Non disjunction |
Structural and numerical chromosomal |
abnormalities – deletion; duplication; translocation |
Sex determination; Role of Y chromosome |
Genetic recombination |
Disorders of sex chromosomes and autosomes |
Molecular cytogenetics – Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (FISH) |
Comparative Genomic Hybridization (CGH). |
Developmental genetics |
Genes in early development |
Maternal effect genes |
Paternal formation genes |
Homeotic genes |
Signaling and adhesion molecules. |
Immunogenetics |
Major histocompatibility complex |
Immunoglobulin genes – tissue antigen and organ transplantation |
Single gene disorders of immune system. |
Genetic variation |
Mutations; kinds of mutation; agents of mutation |
genome polymorphism; uses of polymorphism |
Gene maping and human genome project |
Physical mapping; linkage and association |
Population genetics and evolution |
Phenotype; genotype; gene frequency |
Hardy-Weinberg law; Factors distinguishing Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium |
Mutation selection; Migration; Gene flow; Genetic drift |
Human genetic diversity; |
Origin of major human groups. |