I.Neural Signaling
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Basic concepts of neuroscience
- The Neuron: The Basic Functional Unit of the Brain
- Evolution of the concept of neurons
- Studying the Nervous Systemsof Humans and Other Animals
- Organizational Principles of Neural Systems
- Neural Circuits
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Neuronal membrane
- Cytosol and extracellular fluid
- The phospholipid membrane
- Membrane proteins
- Channels and transporters
- The movement of ions
- Resting membrane potential
- The distribution and permeability of ions across the membrane
- Regulation of potassium and sodium concentration
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The Action Potential
- The ups and downs
- Generation of action potential
- Membrane currents and conductance
- Ionic Basis of Action Potentials
- Voltage – Gated sodium and potassium channels
- Action potential conduction
- Factors affecting conduction
- Myelin and saltatory conduction
- Roles of axons and dendrites
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Neural signaling
- Electrical Potentials across Nerve Cell Membranes
- Forces That Create Membrane Potentials
- Voltage-Dependent MembranePermeability
- Ion Channels Underlying Action Potentials
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Synaptic transmission
- Electrical and chemical synapses
- Principles of chemical synaptic transmission
- Neurotransmitters
- Neurotransmitter synthesis, storage and release
- Neurotransmitter recovery and degradation
- Neuropharmacology
- Synaptic integration
- Excitatory and Inhibitory Synapses
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Neurotransmitter Systems
- Transmitters and transmitter-synthesizing enzymes
- Release of transmitters
- Synaptic mimicry
- Receptors
- Categories of Neurotransmitters
- Catecholaminergic
- Serotonergic neurons
- Acetylcholine
- GABA and Glycine
- Glutamate
- Biogenic Amines
- Peptide Neurotransmitters
- Transmitter-gated channels
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Molecular Signaling within Neurons
- Activation of Signaling Pathways
- GPCRs
- Second Messengers, Protein Kinases andPhosphatases
- Nuclear Signaling
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The Structure of the Nervous System
- Central nervous system
- Cerebrum
- Cerebellum
- Brain Stem
- Spinal Cord
- Peripheral nervous system
- Somatic
- Visceral
- Cranial nerves
- Meninges
- Ventricular System
- Central nervous system
II.Sensory and Motor Systems
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The Chemical Senses
- Taste
- Organs of taste
- Taste receptors
- Mechanism of taste transduction
- Neural coding of taste
- Smell
- Organs of smell
- Olfactory receptors
- Central olfactory pathways
- Odour values
- Vision
- Anatomy of the Eye
- Formation of Images on the Retina
- Phototransduction
- Rod and cones
- Retinal circuits
- Central Visual System
- Retinofugal projections
- lateral geniculate nucleus
- striate cortex
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Auditory and Vestibular Systems
- Sound: The audible and inaudible spectrum
- Anatomy of ear
- External
- Middle
- Inner
- Hair Cells and the Mechano-electrical Transduction ofSound Waves
- Tuning and Timing in the Auditory Nerve
- Integrating Information from the Two Ears
- Vestibular Labyrinth and hair cells
- Otolith Neurons and Linear Forces
- Semicircular Canal Neurons and AngularAccelerations
- Pathways for Stabilizing Gaze, Head, andPosture
- Auditory and vestibular pathways of Thalamus and cortex
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Somatic Sensory System
- Mechanoreceptors of the skin
- Spinal Cord
- Dorsal column–medial lemniscal pathway
- Trigeminal touch pathway
- Pain
- Nociceptors and the transduction of painful stimuli
- Ascending pain pathways
- Regulation of pain
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Spinal Control of movement
- Somatic motor system
- Lower motor neuron
- Excitation-contraction coupling
- Alpha and gamma motor neurons
- Spinal interneurons
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Central Control of Movement
- Lower Motor Neuron Circuitsand Motor Control
- Upper Motor Neuron Controlof the Brainstem and SpinalCord
- Basal Ganglia modulation
- Cerebellum modulation
- Visceral Motor System
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Complex Brain Functions: Behaviour
- Chemical controls
- Secretory hypothalamus
- Autonomic nervous system
- Noradrenergic Locus Coeruleus
- Serotonergic Raphe Nuclei
- Dopaminergic Substantia Niagra and Ventral TegmentalArea
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Motivation
- Reinforcement and reward
- Appetite, eating, digestion and satiety
- Serotonin and mood
- Dopamine andaddiction
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Sex and the brain
- Hormonal control of sex
- Neural basis of sexual behaviours
- Male and female brains
- Sexual dimorphisms of cognition
- Sexual orientation
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Brain mechanisms of emotion
- Limbic system
- Amygdala and associated braincircuits
- Serotonin and aggression
- Attention and eye movements
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Language and speech
- Localized and lateralized basis
- Anatomical differences between the right and lefthemispheres
- Role of the right hemisphere in language
- Aphasias
- Mapping language functions
- Speech
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Sleep and wakefulness
- Why do you sleep?
- Circadian cycle
- Stages of sleep
- Physiological changes in sleep
- Electroencephalography
- Neural circuits governing sleep
- Consciousness
- Rem sleep and dreaming
- Sleep disorders
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Memory
- Qualitative and temporal categories
- Phylogenetic memory
- Short term and long term memory
- Savant syndrome
- Declarative and non-declarative learning
- Memory and aging
- Alzheimer’s disease
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Mental illness
- Psychosocial approaches to mentalillness
- Biological approaches
- Anxiety disorders
- Depression
- Schizophrenia
- Chemical controls
- Taste
III.The Changing Brain
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Early Brain Development
- Initial Formation of the Nervous System:Gastrulation and Neurulation
- Molecular Basis of Neural Induction
- Genetic Abnormalities and Altered Human BrainDevelopment
- Generation of Neuronal Diversity
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Construction of Neural Circuits
- Axonal Growth Cone
- Selective Synapse Formation
- NeuronalPopulations
- Cell proliferation, migration and differentiation
- Neurotrophin Signaling
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Modification of Brain Circuitsas a Result of Experience
- Development of Language.
- Visual System Development
- Visual Deprivation on Ocular Dominance
- Neuronal Activity Affects theDevelopment of Neural Circuits
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Plasticity of Synapses and neural circuits
- Synaptic Plasticity Underlies Behavioral Modification
- Synaptic competence, segregation and convergence
- Short term and long term synaptic plasticity
- Long term potentiation
- Long term synaptic depression
- Silent synapses
- Epilepsy
- Korsakoff’s syndrome
- Recovery from Neural Injury
- Generation of Neurons in the Adult Brain
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